初三九年級英語上冊1
所謂垂懸結構(The Dangling Construction)就是一個句子成分，如分詞短語，不定式動詞短語等，找不到被修飾的主語或被修飾的對象不合邏輯。垂懸結構是種錯誤的句法，應該避免。
下面是三種常見的垂懸結構及其改正方法：
⒈垂懸分詞或分詞短語，如：
①Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
這句子里的現在分詞短語(present participial phrase)修飾主語“several boars”是錯的;改正方法有二：
(a)確定是邏輯主語，使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”
(b)把現在分詞短語擴大為副詞分句(也稱狀語從句)：“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”
⒉垂懸副詞短語，如：
After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
這句的副詞短語(adverb phrase)和主語“the fish”有什么邏輯關系呢?真正的邏輯主語應該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對。改正方法：
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
⒊垂懸不定式動詞短語，如：
To write well, a lot of practice is needed.
To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.
這兩個句子的不定式動詞短語(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”，真正的主語必須是“人”，如：
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.
上述三類垂懸結構中，第一類發生的頻率，必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下，分詞短語是對的，它們并非垂懸結構：
第一，獨立結構(The Absolute Construction，見3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語有自己的主語，所以不是垂懸結構。例如：
Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.
第二，當分詞含有介詞或連詞性質時，它不需要邏輯主語，所以沒有垂懸問題存在。例如：
Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.
Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.
第三，當分詞短語是用來表示說話者的態度或意見時，也不需要邏輯主語，因此也不存在著垂懸問題。例如：
Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.
Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.
初三九年級英語上冊2
一、冠詞a/an
1. a university
2. a useful book
3. a one-hour documentary
4. an honest boy
5. an NBA player
6. a European country
7.What a big success / surprise / rain / mess
8.What great progress! What terrible weather!/What great courage!
二、數詞
1.two hundred students; hundreds of student
2.常考序數詞
nine-ninth;twelve-twelfth;forty-fortieth;
ninety-ninetieth
3.在某人四十多歲時in one’s forties
我父親40歲的生日my father’s fortieth birthday
4.分數
three fourths=three quarters(四分之三)
three fourths of the students are.....
three fourths of the water is
5.年代in the 1990s(20世紀90年代) in 1990(在1990年)
三、詞性變化
1.形容詞和副詞
wise-wisely polite-politely safe-safely simple-simply terrible-terribly
noise-noisy-noisily true-truly
以ly結尾的形容詞friendly友好的lovely可愛的.lively生動的，活潑的
2.動詞和名詞
invite-invitation(邀請)
invent-invention(發明物)-inventor(發明家)
introduce-introduction(介紹，引言)
direct-director(導演)
四、such/that
修飾可數名詞：such+a/an+adj+n=so + adj+ a+n(such a nice pen=so nice a pen)
修飾不可數名詞：只用such(such clean water)
So+兩少兩多many，much，few，little(少)如果little(小)則+such.
常考so little education(少)
such little sheep/children(小)
五、否定倒裝
結構：
1. neither + do / does / did / will / have / has+主語
2. neither +情態動詞+主語
3. neither + be(am，is，are)+主語
六、從屬連詞
1. until，常考not..until結構，主句中經常不直接出現not這個否定詞，而是會出現none，nobody，nothing，little，few，hardly等這些否定詞
When--not until how long--until how soon--not until
2. since
(a)既然，由于(表原因)，解題通過翻譯
(b)自從...以來，解題關注完成時態
3. though/although的考查，注意不能和but連用。
4. while/when的考查：兩長while，一長一短，長前通常while，短前when。
解題方法：劃出句中的動詞，辨析長短(進行為長，過去為短)
5. if/unless時態：主將從現
6. as soon as一....就....
七、并列連詞
1. both...and...
2. neither...nor...
3. either...or
4. not only...but also...
注意：
1. both...and...引導主語，謂語動詞只能是復數
2.后三個連接主語，謂語動詞就近原則
3.如果題目的意思是兩者都能...，那就得抓住謂語動詞來判定到底是both...and...還是not only... but also。(通讀情景來解答)
八、定語從句
1.指人：who/that/whom
2.指物：which/that
注意：
1.先行詞后出現后置定語，不要把后置定語當成是先行詞。
2.定語從句也是一個句子，做題結束后可以把關系代詞替換成先行詞，還原成句子進行檢驗。
九、賓語從句
解題抓住三要素：引導詞，時態，語序，可以抓住任何一個要素作為突破口，排除一些干擾選項后解答。
注意：
1. what's the matter/what’s wrong with/which is the way to本身是陳述語序，無須改變。
2.出現or not，引導詞只能用whether
3.Could表委婉語氣時，時態不變
初三九年級英語上冊3
I.重點詞匯
Test----exam words----vocabulary
Excited----exciting amazing----surprising
sometimes----sometime----some times----some time
for example----such as----like begin with----to begin with
maybe----perhaps----probably affect----influence
problem----question
II.重點詞組
1.ask…for… 2.speaking skills
3.ask…about… 4.not…at all
5.get excited about 6.end up
7.make mistakes 8.first of all
9.to begin with 10.later on
11.be afraid of 12.laugh at
13.make sentences 14.take notes
15.write down 16.make sure
17.deal with 18.look up
19.make up 20.worry about
21.be angry with 22.go by
23.each other 24.solve a problem
25.regard…as… 26.complain about
27.change…into… 28.try one’s best
29.with the help of 30.compare…to…
31.think about 32.break off
III.重點句子
1.I learn by studying with a group.
2.It’s too hard to understand the voices.
3.He finds watching movies frustrating because the people speak too quickly.
4.We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese.
5.Why don’t you join an English club to practice English.
6.Last year my English class was difficult for me.
7.It was easy for me to understand the teacher.
8.Now I’m enjoying learning English.
9.Perhaps we have seen young children playing together.
IV.話題語法
1.談論學習方法
2.by+v-ing結構做狀語
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